INTRODUCTION:

Martynia annua L. belongs to family Martyniaceae or (Pedaliaceae). It is a small, herbaceous and annual plant. It is distributed all over the India as well as in foreign countries. It is also known as the Cat’s claw as per the structural features of the fruit. In odia language it is called as Baghanakhi. In Hindi it is called as Ulat-kanta. In kannada it is known by the name Garuda Mugu Mullu, In Malayalam it is known as Kakka chundu or Pulinakham. In Tamil it is known by the name Thael Kodukkukaai. In an Ayurvedic scripture, it is called as kakanasika, which is generally being used in Indian traditional therapies for the treatment of many disorders such as epilepsy, tuberculosis, sore throat and wound etc. Interestingly, from the past research it has been evident that, the fruits of M. annua are useful in inflammation and burns. Similarly, the seed oils are used in itching and various skin infections. The fruit of M. annua is also used for its local sedative action.¹ Chhattisgarh state was separated from Madhya Pradesh in November 2000. The state is located in East-Central India and considered as “Herbal state” because of its vast diversity of medicinal plant species that are used by its tribal and local healers for the effective treatment of various health ailments since time immemorial². In the recent past the Chhattisgarh State Medicinal Plant Board, during its survey, has identified around 2,021 medicinal and aromatic plants in the state. They are mainly found in different regions of the state such as, Abhujmad region, Bailadilla hills, Kanger Reserve and Kurchel valley in Bastar division and in some parts of Surguja division in north Chhattisgarh. The actively traded MAPs from the state are Bhui Aonla (Phyllanthus amarus), Baheda Chhilka (Terminalia belerica), Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata), Safed Musli (Chlorophytum tuberosum), Aama Haldi (Curcuma amada), Van Tulsi (Ocimum gratissimum), Dhawai Phool (Woofordia fruitcosa), Bhelwa Fruit (Semecarpus anacardium) and near about 100 others. As per the data by forest department of the Govt. of Chhattisgarh, the production of medicinal and aromatic plants is about 87,065 metric tonne in the state but the maximum quantity is being supplied to other states ³. Herbal based products attracted the maximum attention and also occupied the highest share in the international market, with yearly turnover near about billion dollars in Western Europe as well as in China. The people around world putting focus towards use of herbal medicines believed to be due to failure of conventional therapies and dose and duration related adverse drug effects. Scientific evident available on medicinal plants indicated that, promising Phytochemical can be developed for many health problems. For example, the Vinca alkaloids (vincristine, vinblastine and vindesine), derivedfrom Catharanthus roseus, Vinca rosea, Lochnera rosea, Ammocallis rosea and many more have been employed for their anticancer properties. Modern pharmaceuticals still contain at least 25% drugs derived from plants⁴. Thus, the preliminary aim of this current review is to explore the Phytochemical present in the root extract of Martynia annua there by it will pave the way for further research and will be prove beneficial for the economic and researchers in the various fields of drug discovery¹.

Fig-1: Various parts of Martynia annua plant

Distributions and Botanical description of Martynia annua:⁵

Martynia annua is well distributed and abundantly found in the tropical and sub-tropical region of Burma, America, Mexico, and throughout India. Generally, it grows in wastelands, found from coast up to 900m. It is herbaceous, stout, erect, branched, clammy pubescent, annual plant growing to a height ranging between 0.25-1m, covered with dense glandular sticky hairs. The Stems are terete and usually woody at the base. Leaves are kidney-shaped, opposite with lamina reniform, 15-23cm wide, chordate, sinuate lobed, flaccid, apex acute, base cordate, margins entire to shallow-sinuate to be toothed, palmately veined, petiole 9-14cm long and sticky-topped glandular hairs present on both the upper and lower leaf blade surfaces. Flowers are bell shaped, purplish white, with dark purple markings and ill smelling having raceme inflorescence. Pedicels 1-2cm long, thickening and recurved in fruit. Calyx is about 15-20mm long. Corolla is about 55-65mm overall, tube about 35-45mm long. Corolla is funnel form-campanulate, spotted on the inner surface, the spots yellow, pink or purple. Stamens are two. Fruits are hard, bi-lobed, and woody with 2 sharp recurved hooks. Seeds are brown to black, 2 to each pod.

Microscopy of Martynia annua:

Transverse section of the leaf is characterized by presence of multicellular covering trichome on upper as well as lower epidermis, palisade cell, spongy parenchyma, vascular bundle and collenchyma as below the upper epidermis and above lower epidermis. The transverse section of stem is characterizing by presence of multicellular covering trichome, parenchymatous cortex, endodermis, vascular bundles and centralisepith. Transverse section of root is charactering by presence of epidermis, parenchymatous cortex, endodermis and vascular bundles.

Phytoconstituents of Martynia annua:⁶

Scientific findings reported different phytoconstituents on acetone leaves extracts of Martynia annua. Phytochemical investigation of acetone extracts of leaves indicates the presence of various biomolecules such as saponin, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, flavonoids, amino acid, steroids, anthocyanin and phenols. During the Phytochemical study, it has been observed that methanol extracts of leaves of M. annua contained higher amount of chemical constituents. Flowers contain cyanidin-3-galactoside whilst p-hydroxy benzoic acid, snapic acid; and gentisic acids are present in leaves and fruits, respectively. The leaves also contain chlorogenic acid; and fatty acids (such as palmitic acid, stearic acid and arachidic acid) are present in seeds. P-hydroxy benzoic acid, snapic acid and fatty acids such as palmitic acid and stearic acid present in leaves. GC-MS studied on aqueous and alcoholic extract of M. annua showed the presence of 28 compounds in which oleic acid present in the high amount. Other major biological compounds include pelargonidin-3-5-diglucoside, cyanidin-3- galactoside, p-hydroxy benzoic acid, gentisic acid, arachidic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, apigenin, apigenin-7-oglucuronide.

Result and discussion:

Physicochemical Properties of Martynia annua the ash values namely total ash, acid-insoluble ash and water-soluble ash; extractive values, namely alcohol-soluble extractive value, water-soluble extractive, and Ether-soluble extractive values and LOD calculated and recorded. Results are tabulated in Table 1, 2, 3. Preliminary Phytochemical Screening The qualitative Phytochemical evaluation by chemical tests of all the extracts obtained after successive extraction showed the presence of Carbohydrate, Protein, Alkaloid, Cardiac glycoside, Flavonoids, Tannins, Antraquinone glycoside, Steroids and Triterpenoides. Result is tabulated in Table 4.

Physiochemical properties of root of Martynia annua:

Table 1: Ash value of root of Martynia annua⁷

Sl. No.	Parameters	%value
1	Total ash value	11%
2.	Water soluble ash value	3.2%
3.	Acid insoluble ash value	8%

Table2: Extractive value of root of Martynia annua⁸

Sl. No.	Solvent	% value
1	Water soluble extract	8%
2	Ethyl acetate soluble extract	3%
3	Ethanol soluble extract	5%
4	Petroleum ether soluble extract	1%

Table 3: Loss on drying⁹

Initial wt. of sample	Wt. of sample after drying	%value
1g	0.88 g	12%

Table 4: Preliminary Phytochemical screening of root of Martynia annua^{10, 11}

Sl. No.	Phytoconstituents	aqueous extract	alcohol extract
1	Carbohydrate	+	+
2	Alkaloid	-	+
3	Cardiac Glycoside	+	+
4	Flavonoids	+	+
5	Tannins	+	+
6	Antraquinone Glycosides	+	+
7	Steroids	+	+
8	Protein	+	-

CONCLUSIONS:

The present study gives an account on the preliminary pharmacognostic and Phytochemical screening of Martynia annua roots which may useful in order to authenticate, standardize and avoid any adulteration. The diagnostic microscopical characters and physicochemical data reported in this study will be helpful in the development of a monograph. Further due to the presence of various phytoconstituents appeared to be the potential to act as a source of useful drugs and also to enhance the health status of the consumers as a result of the presence of various phytoconstituents that are vital role for good health.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

Authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Received on 22.11.2023 Modified on 27.12.2023

Research J. Science and Tech. 2024; 16(1):39-42.

DOI: 10.52711/2349-2988.2024.00007